Энергосбережение на производственных предприятиях – это комплекс взаимосвязанных технических, организационных, экономических и иных мероприятий. Поиск оптимального решения представляет собой сложную задачу. Поэтому первым шагом на пути к снижению энергетических затрат и повышению энергоэффективности предприятия является проведение тщательного анализа всех топливно-энергетических ресурсов и источников их потерь.
Повышение энергоэффективности предприятия предполагает эффективное использование топливно-энергетических ресурсов всех видов энергии технико-экономически оправданными способами при существующем уровне развития техники и технологий.
Более подробно о способах снижения энергопотребления смотрите в соответствующих разделах сайта касательно снижения потребления тепловой и электрической энергии. Основные способы экономии энергоресурсов на производстве это:
– модернизация или замена оборудования на более высокий класс по энергоэффективности;
– замещение части потребляемой энергии за счет возобновляемых источников энергии;
– повышение эффективности производственных и технологических процессов;
– эксплуатация оборудования в диапазоне оптимального КПД;
– строгое соблюдение установленных технологических режимов;
– внедрение энергосберегающих технологий;
– уменьшение потерь всех видов энергоносителей;
– регулирование режимов работы электропотребляющего оборудования;
– улучшение качества и параметров энергоносителей;
– использование качественных теплоизоляционных материалов и поддержание целостности теплоизоляционного покрытия;
– оптимизация освещения;
– использование вторичных ресурсов и утилизация остаточного тепла технологических процессов.
В каждом случае присутствуют свои особенности и специфика в реализации энергосберегающих мероприятий. В зависимости от поставленных задач и финансовых возможностей, мероприятия реализуются постепенно или одновременно.
Оборудование с электродвигателями
На производстве сокращение объема потребляемой электроэнергии при эксплуатации оборудования с электродвигателями возможно за счет:
– двигателей с переменной частотой вращения. Энергоэффективные электродвигатели способны сократить до 20% потери мощности. Кроме того, они производят меньше шума при работе. Их стоимость является более высокой, однако уже 500-600 часов эксплуатации полностью окупают дополнительные затраты.
– регулируемых приводов: устройства плавного пуска, частотные преобразователи и т.п. В отраслях, интенсивно использующих насосное оборудование, доля потребления энергии за счет насосов может достигать 80-90% от всего объема потребления.
Сокращение расхода электроэнергии достигается, прежде всего, за счет более эффективного использования оборудования.
– энергосберегающих электроприводов, которые могут использоваться на большинстве предприятий, где нерациональный расход энергии связан с наличием устаревшего оборудования. Регулируемые приводы в европейских странах, к примеру, занимают до 80% от общей доли.
– оптимальной загрузки оборудования с электродвигателями. Оборудование должно эксплуатироваться в диапазоне оптимального КПД согласно паспортным данным. Снижение загрузки электродвигателей, ниже установленных паспортом, не дает снижение электропотребления на такое же значение. Вероятно, в таком случае для оборудования потребуется больше времени для выполнения работы, что и при нормальном уровне загрузки. В результате суммарное количество потребляемой электроэнергии окажется даже выше.
Центробежные насосные агрегаты
В абсолютном большинстве случаев энергопотребление является основной составляющей стоимости жизненного цикла центробежного насосного агрегата, если насос работает более чем 200 часов в год. Фактически около 20% от мирового потребления электроэнергии используется в насосных системах. При использовании регулируемых насосов экономия электроэнергии может достигать до 50%.
Снижение потребления электроэнергии насосного оборудования может достигаться двумя способами:
– уменьшение затрат электроэнергии путем повышения КПД центробежного насоса;
– использование электродвигателей с электронной регулировкой частоты вращения, что позволяет экономить как электрическую, так и тепловую энергию.
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